a new type of source control - Git

At the new company they started with Subversion for source control but are now moving everything to Git.

I've worked with a few different source control servers and clients. The basic idea was to have a central repository which holds all the source code. You check in the source code to the central repository. Subsequent changes to the code are saved in the repository as changes or deltas.

If two or more people are working on the same project they have to set up a policy or convention. In some systems the team has to follow the policy. With other source control systems you can set up rules to enforce a policy.

For example, I check out a copy of the code, you check out a copy of the code. We both make changes to the file Foo.java. You check in your code and the repository is updated. When I go to check in my change it tells me there is a conflict. I have to merge my changes with your change. Only after that is done can I check in my changes.

In this model source is handled file by file. If our project has 37 files and only one has a conflict, the other 36 files will check in without issue.

With Git things are different. There is no central repository. I create a Git repository on my machine. I commit my changes to the local repository. When I want to share the changes with others I can push my repository to a central location or I can push it directly to someone on the team.

I pull a copy of the repository, you pull a copy of the repository, we both change Foo.java, you push your change then I attempt to push my change. Git will tell me there have been changes and I cannot push my repository to the central location. I need to pull the repository down and merge it with my changes. I can also use fetch rather than pull. Using fetch will do a pull then merge in one step.

The basic commands are:

git init
git clone
git status
git commit
git push
git pull
git rm

To create a repository on your local machine, use git init. If the central repository is located at the URL git:git@git-server:project.git then I can make a local copy using:

git clone git:git@git-server:project.git

Once I have a local copy I can use git status to see what has changed. If I look at the output of git status it will list the files which have changed and the untracked files. Issuing a git commit -a will add the changes to my LOCAL repository. To share this with others I would do a git push. If I'm in the directory which contains git controlled files, it will look at the .git/config file, determine where the "origin" repository is and push the files to there. You can also git push to another location (someone on your team or a sub-team working outside the main branch.

If you want to remove files from the repository you can use git rm. If you just rm a file, the next git pull will bring the file back. If you git rm then git commit, the file will be permanently remove from your LOCAL repository. A git push will make this permanent for everyone else.